The most important skill you never learned.
In school, we learn what to think but not how to think. Here’s a crash course in how to think clearly, accurately, and fairly.
Benefits of critical thinking
We have too much information. Critical thinking helps you focus on what matters.
We have too many options. Critical thinking helps you do what matters.
Millions of scam artists want to steal your time and money. You can use critical thinking to defeat them.
Critical thinking helps you avoid false beliefs. Do you believe something because you read it somewhere? Because your family or government or culture told you so? Because it makes you feel good? Because you “just believe” it?
If so, you probably have many false beliefs. Critical thinking can help you avoid those. Who knows? It might even help you form some true beliefs.
But we probably already agree that critical thinking is good. How do we do it?
Techniques of critical thinking
Here are 16 basic techniques of critical thinking.
- Clarify.
State one point at a time. Elaborate. Give examples. Ask others to clarify or give examples. If you’re not sure what you’re talking about, you can’t address it.
Unclear: “How can we fix education?”
Clear: “How can teachers better prepare students for the workforce?” or “How can we change policies to encourage better teaching?”
- Be accurate.
Check your facts.
Inaccurate: “Most people these days are obese” or “Just vent your anger; you’ll feel better.”
Accurate: “Most people in the U.S. are not obese” or “Studies show that venting your anger actually increases angry feelings and actions.”
- Be precise.
Be precise, so you are able to check accuracy. Avoid generalizations, euphemisms, and other ambiguity.
Imprecise: “Mary is overweight.”
Precise: “Mary is 6 pounds overweight according to her Body Mass Index, which is a deceptive measure of healthy weight anyway.”
- Be relevant.
Stick to the main point. Pay attention to how each idea is connected to the main idea.
Irrelevant: “Why do I believe in the Christian God? Well, the human eye is too complex to have happened by chance, so God must have created it.”
Relevant: “The human eye is a complex system. Its origins, Darwinian or otherwise, are not fully understood. But our ignorance is not evidence for God or anything else.”
- Know your purpose.
What are you trying to accomplish? What’s the most important thing here? Distinguish your purpose from related purposes.
- Identify assumptions.
All thinking is based on assumptions, however basic.
Assumptions not identified: “Logically, God cannot exist.”
Assumptions identified: “Logic is only a process applied to assumptions. If you apply logic to the assumption that ‘scientific evidence is the only reliable means of knowing something,’ then of course non-physical entities cannot be known using your assumptions.”
- Check your emotions.
Emotions only confuse critical thinking. Notice how your emotions may be pushing your thinking in a certain direction.
- Empathize.
Try to see things from your opponent’s perspective. Imagine how they feel. Imagine how you sound to them. Sympathize with the logic, emotion, and experience of their perspective.
- Know your own ignorance.
Each person knows less than 0.0001% of the available knowledge in the world. Even if you know more about relevant issues than your opponent, you still might be wrong. Educate yourself as much as possible, but still: be humble.
- Be independent.
Think critically about important issues for yourself. Don’t believe everything you read. Don’t conform to the priorities, values, and perspectives of others.
- Think through implications.
Consider the consequences of your viewpoint.
Not thinking through implications: “A fetus is biologically alive and mentally conscious. Therefore, killing a fetus is wrong.”
Thinking through implications: “Monkeys, dogs, and many other animals are alive and almost certainly conscious. Is killing them always wrong, too? Why do they have less rights than a fetus? Let’s think about this.”
- Know your own biases.
Your biases muddle your thinking. Notice how they might be pushing your thought toward a particular end, regardless of the logical steps it took to get there.
- Suspend judgment.
Critical thinking should produce judgments, not the other way around. Don’t make a decision and then use critical thinking to back it up. If anything, use the method of science: take a guess about how things are and then try to disprove it.
Immediate judgment: “We’re here to promote Johnson’s plan for education reform. What logical arguments can we construct in its favor?”
Suspended judgment: “What do we want from our educational system? Once we know, let’s use critical thinking to find the best ways to do those things.”
- Consider the opposition.
Listen to other viewpoints in their own words. Seriously consider their most persuasive arguments. Don’t dismiss them.
Narrow-minded: Reading an essay and letting it persuade you.
Open-minded: Reading an essay, then reading an essay that argues the opposite point.
- Recognize cultural assumptions.
People from different times and cultures thought much differently than you do. In fact, your ideas might have arrived only in the last 50 years of human history! Why is your perspective better than that of everyone else in the world today and throughout history?
- Be fair, not selfish.
Each person’s most basic bias is for themselves.
Selfish: “I can’t know everything. It’s not my fault I made that error.”
Fair: “I can’t know everything, but I could easily have done some basic research before making such a bold statement.”
Where to go from here
These techniques are only the beginning. To practice and grow your critical thinking skills, try these resources:
Beginner
A Rulebook for Arguments (the best)
Asking the Right Questions (critical thinking basics)
Foundation for Critical Thinking (great mini-publications)
How to Think Critically (good blog articles)
Intermediate
How to Think About Weird Things by Schick & Caughn (a nice intro)
Critical Thinking Web (free tutorials)
Critical Reading (free lessons)
Critical Thinking on the Web (directory of online resources)
Advanced
Introduction to Logic by Copi & Cohen (popular logic textbook)
Critical Thinking Mini-Lessons (logic lessons)
source: http://lukeprog.com/science/16_techniques_of_critical_thinking.html
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